Ngomatshi wama, siza kugxila ukutya baze basele
(Funda apha malunga sitenotice) Zasekuhlaleni amalungelo okanye koko zasekuhlaleni amalungelo amalungelo umntu sele kwi-ngenxa yokuba nguye a ummi ka-base
Baya ziyahluka kolu yamalungelo oluntu eziya enye amalungelo omnye sele kwi-ngenxa yokuba oluntu, kwaye eziya wabeka phantsi kwi-inkcazo-jikelele ngeemfanelo zoluntu.
Zasekuhlaleni amalungelo kwaye qho ngonyaka kuba nabo waba formulated yi-Jean-Jacques Rousseau kwi umsebenzi 'Isivumelwano loluntu' (xhosa: ezentlalo-ntle isivumelwano, ezentlalo-ntle isivumelwano). Ukususela lokuqala formulation, abaninzi bathe bathabatha i-isihloko okanye amacala ye-phezulu. Inkqubo iqala incopho kuba Rousseau kukuba abantu njengoko abemi kuba ezilahlekileyo inxenye innate inkululeko ukuze bahlale kuzo uluntu ekuhlaleni - kwaye uyakuthanda inzuzo loo co-bukho unako anike.
Lowo ubeka ngokwendlela intshayelelo umsebenzi wakhe kunye mazwi: 'Umntu azalwe free, kwaye kuyo yonke indawo eya kuyo amatsheyini.
Lowo ikholelwa ukuba yena umlawuli abanye engasekho ngaphantsi kwe-slave ngaphezulu kunezi. Ndiyazi ukuba ayinjalo. Oko unako ukwenza oko legitimate Ndicinga ukuba akwazi ukuphendula lo mbuzo. Kwaye lowo unika impendulo - yokugqibela uze uzalise impendulo - sele isahluko omnye kwi ncwadi: 'loluntu ukuze yi ezinyulu ilungelo apho usebenza njengoko qho ngonyaka kuba bonke abanye. Eli lungelo, nangona kunjalo, originates awuveli indalo, ngenxa yoko, ikhona kwi isiseko collective izivumelwano'. Yintoni Rousseau apha kuba fat - kwaye njengokuba abaninzi 'amalungelo oluntu advocates' overlook - yile yokuba zasekuhlaleni amalungelo ingaba kwezixhobo zokusebenza abanye (kwaye enyanisweni kanjalo omnye ke owakhe) nokukhululeka. Kuphela ngokunika phezulu inxalenye yakhe inkululeko ukwenza oko ufuna ngokunjalo ukuba imposiso yorhwebo lwangaphakathi kwi ngokwabo ezithile zomgaqo-ukuqinisekisa ukuba abanye kuba ezithile amalungelo guaranteed. Ukuze kuzuzwe esi ingqwalasela lixoxa Rousseau xa kuqaliswayo ubonakala sizalwane, counteracting zokhuseleko ka-zasekuhlaleni amalungelo. Isahluko nesithathu ufumana malunga survival ekunene.
Rousseau ithi: 'ngokukhawuleza nje, ukuba amandla akhe ukuze yenza inkundla, injongo kunye ukusebenza nawuphi na umkhosi apho exceeds yokuqala, kuthatha yakhe ekunene kwi-lifa.
Ngokukhawuleza nje, wena kunye impunity ekuvunyelwene ngawo umthetho, asemthethweni, kwaye ngenxa yokuba stronger soloko akunjalo, kutheni nje qiniseka ukuba abe strongest'. Yena izoba end, okokuba ukomelela akusebenzi ngokuzenzekelayo yenza i-lungelo, kwaye ukuba umntu unako kuphela kubotshwa ukuba bayithobele legitimate amandla. Kodwa ke ufuna determination yintoni 'legitimate amandla'. Kwisahluko ezine yena states, ukuba ubukhoboka alikho ilungelo: renounce zakhe inkululeko ngu efanayo njengoko renounce yakhe menneskeværd, kwi uluntu ke, amalungelo, kwanakulo izibophelelo zayo. Xa ufuna ukususa na inkululeko ukusuka mntu u-uza, susa kuwe ngexesha elinye, nayiphi na mnqophiso ukusuka yakhe iintshukumo'. Le ndlela iye isahluko se-: 'njani ukufumana base kunye yonke le ngokufanayo ukomelela defends kwaye kuyakhusela nganye affiliated umntu kunye nempahla.' Impendulo: ngokusebenzisa samfundspagt. Okanye, njengoko isitsho isahluko se-: ngokusebenzisa imibutho yoluntu: 'oko umntu uyaphulukana yi-loluntu isivumelwano ngu yakhe yendalo inkululeko kwaye i-unlimited ilungelo yonke into tempts kuyo, kwaye ukuba unako ukuze oko kuya uphumelele, zasekuhlaleni inkululeko kunye nempahla kuyo yonke into yena possesses'. Rousseau yenza umahluko apha phakathi: Kwi-bale mihla society (lwayo oluvela mid-s) ekhankanywe constitutions (umz Edenmark, Ubukumkani wamalungelo) njengokuba umthetho, phakathi kwezinye izinto, oku kulandelayo amalungelo kuba abemi: Ekuhlaleni kunikwe ilungelo nihamba phantsi nzame yayo corrosion, njalo ilungelo prohibit iimbumbano kwaye efanayo kunye samfundsomstyrtende injongo. Society kufuneka uqinisekise isondlo umthetho nocwangco, kwimo imicimbi. Kuya kufuna elizeleyo umthetho, kwimimandla ephantsi kolawulo lwesixeko ngokulinganayo bonke, kwaye i-igunya lolawulo oluphezulu ukuba ukuzithwala ngaphandle domsmyndighedernes ii-odolo.
Ezi izimvo babebaninzi isidanish ngenxa yokuba sele formulated in i-cambridge companion ukuba Royal Umthetho.
Ukongeza, ekuhlaleni kufuneka uqinisekise yayo abemi amalungelo ifomu kunye ethile inkululeko intshukumo kwesikhokelo umthetho, okwesibini, malunga nenkqubo yolawulo olumanyanisiweyo imfuza ka-impembelelo kwi uphuhliso society (ytringsret, ilungelo lokuvota kwaye njenge) kwaye, okwesibini, ukhuseleko kwimeko apho kunokwenzeka ingozi, ukugula, bankruptcy, intswela-ngqesho, njalo njalo. Ukongeza, ekuhlaleni kufuneka uqinisekise ngayo imisebenzi, ngokucacileyo eyona tackled yi-kuluntu njengoko a olukhawulezileyo lwemali, indlela yokusebenza, imfundo, nursing, kwaye ubudlelwane kwezinye uluntu (kumazwe angaphandle kwaye yokhuselo-nkqubo). Ekugqibeleni, ekuhlaleni kufuneka uqinisekise indlela ubomi oko kukuthi isiseko society. Ngoko ke, eyona karhulumente kwi-isizwe urhulumente kunye enye kuphela inkcubeko. Kunjalo, kwimo unakho, phantsi kweemeko ezithile, vumela kwaye nkqu ukhusele yenkcubeko minorities, kodwa kuphela ngoko ke ixesha elide njengoko akekho abandon ayo uxanduva ukuba uninzi. I-minority abo musa ngokubhekiselele uninzi ke akunjalo, awunakuba kuba subsumed kwi-society kwaye kufuneka forstødes. Rousseau icacisa oku kwisahluko enye incwadi abane kwi-contradiction phakathi egenvilje kwaye fællesvilje: 'njengoko ixesha elide Njengoko a inani abahlanganisene abantu cinga ngokwabo njengoko enye umzimba, baya kuba kuphela enye iza, apho kumi kwi-unxulumano kunye ngokufanayo isondlo wobomi kwaye ngokufanayo okulungileyo. Njengoko ingaba zonke urhulumente embedsområder yomelele kwaye icacile, ayo maximer ngu sicace kwaye obvious oko sele akukho foggy, contradictory izinto ezichaphazela eqhelekileyo weal ibonisa obvious ezindaweni kwaye ifuna ukuba ube bamfumana kuphela ngokufanayo evakalayo. Kwimo governed ngale ndlela, kuba kufuneka ka-ezimbalwa kakhulu imithetho, thatha, njengokuba kubhaliwe uba kukho imfuneko promulgate entsha, okubonwayo oku necessity enye'.
Unako kanjalo inxaxheba kulo nyaka ke forårskonkurrence
Imigca ethe: 'xa loluntu oku kwenze ukuba uqalisa loosen kwaye urhulumente weaken, xa særinteresserne uqalisa kuba waziva kunye nabalobi societies ukuba impembelelo max, kancinane fællesinteressen kwaye ufumane i-ubhala ngawe, consensus sele ayisasebenzi kwi-votes, ngokubanzi ziya ngu-hayi ixesha elide wonke umntu ke ukukuthakazelela, contradictions kwaye debates phakama. ngokufutshane, xa urhulumente kwi emngciphekweni ka-intshabalalo ayisasebenzi zikho kuyo nantoni na enye kunokuba ongenanto kwaye illusory ifomu, xa loluntu bond yaphukile kuzo zonke iintliziyo, xa usleste inzala brazenly jewelry kunye edibeneyo vels elingcwele, ngoko ke jikelele uza ukuthula ebelikhokelwa imfihlelo motives ka-votes bonke hayi ngakumbi njengoko abavela kumazwe angaphandle, owathi urhulumente zange existed, kwaye ingaba ubuxoki kwi-mthetho ke igama abangemalungisa decrees, abo kuphela sele særinteressen njengoko ekujoliswe kuyo'. Kule imeko kukho kuphela isibini kunokwenzeka iindlela ngaphandle, njengoko Rousseau amanqaku ngaphandle kwisahluko se-: 'Suverænen awunakuba umkhosi nabani na ukuba bakholelwe ezi dogmas, kodwa ke unako expel nabani na akakholelwa kubo, ukususela urhulumente unako ban umntu, hayi njengoko gudsfornægter, kodwa njengoko samfundsnedbryder, njengoko omnye ngubani incapable ka na injongo sithande imithetho, ubulungisa, ukuba kuyimfuneko, idini ubomi, xa umsebenzi imisebenzi. Ukuba umntu - emva esidlangalaleni ukuba ingaba acknowledged ezi efanayo dogmas - kuziphatha njengoko ukuba abo bangakholwayo kwabo, ukuba oku kube wayesohlwaywa kunye ukufa. Kuba lowo owenze elona likhulu kuwo wonke yolwaphulo-mthetho: unabo lied umthetho'. Ekuqaleni ezi namathuba, isithembiso, ngowamashumi kofakwano sebenzisa njengoko asetyenziswa ezimiseleyo Greece phantsi igama ostracisme, kwaye kubalulekile basically isizathu sokuba ukuba ihlabathi ngu umahlule kwi ezininzi ecacileyo uluntu, ngamnye lelabo imithetho kuba amalungelo abemi.
Yesibini khetho isetyenziselwa enaphatha yi-tyrants kwaye dictators abo basically musa aqonde ingenguye nawuphina zoluntu ke ilungelo zikho (phakathi kwezinye communism, islamic fundamentalism), kwaye ifomu ye-statutory ukufa esangezelelweyo ukuba criminals, egama izenzo uya iqwalaselwe kuba ngaphaya na uxolelo.
Njalo waye Yena wayesohlwaywa kunye ukufa kuba yakhe iyonke denial yombuso ngu (society ke) ilungelo kubonisa ukuba yintoni ilungelo yintoni na.
Zasekuhlaleni amalungelo ingaba rooted kwi-amalungelo oluntu, kodwa akakwazi coincide kunye nabo.
Kwi-ubunyulu imisebenzi society, njengoko uluntu, wonke omnye ummi kwaye abemi uphela, uluntu unako kwezinye izihlandlo kuba yimfuneko ukuba prohibit ezithile lifestyles kwaye endaweni yoko, jonga abantu abo ufuna ukuphila ngokwahlukileyo, khumbula oku kwenziwa ngendlela yesibini ngaphezu koko, ngcono fit society.
Xa ezithile minority amaqela ukuzama imposiso yorhwebo lwangaphakathi kwi base ukuba ulungiselelo ngokwayo emva nje indlela yabo yokuphila, society sele - ukuba le mbasa incompatible kunye isiseko society - ngasekunene kwaye obligation ukuba shield ngokwayo kunye imali enjalo njengoko ziyimfuneko therefor. Umzekelo, pedophilia prohibited in ezininzi uluntu, ngenxa yokuba lo sibonwa ukuba kwenzakala abantwana kwi zabo, umphefumlo. Nangona pedophilia zibe njengelifa kwaye ngoko ke 'oluntu ilungelo', sibonwa ezininzi societies, hayi njengokuba ilungelo abemi. I-bulgarian eli - arranged marriages phakathi kunoko abantu kwaye nubile abafazi - sibonwa ngendlela ethile uluntu kuba acceptebelt, enye na. Ngokufanayo, phakathi kwesibini sithembu. Ubukhoboka kwaye ngomntu ebukhobokeni njengoko kwi-oluntu abantu waba kwi-førmiddelalderlige kananjalo kwezinye kamva societies olwamkelekileyo kodwa hardly langoku. Calulo kwi isiseko ngesondo, creed kwaye okanye ngokobuhlanga ukuba kwamkelwa kwezinye societies, abanye hayi. Ngoko ke, ezithile unqulo amahlelo ngokusebenzisa iminyaka bathe bamisela kwezabo kuluntu ukuze aphile ngokungqinelana zabo trosmåde. Kuba zonke iimeko ezinjalo, kukho coincidence phakathi perception ka-zasekuhlaleni amalungelo menneskerrettigheder. Omnye umzekelo: xa umzantsi Afrika phantsi mhlophe controlled nje kwiminyaka emiselwe 'homelands' kuba ezahlukeneyo tribal abantu (isizulu, kwaye ngaphezulu), oku kwaba stamped njengoko i-intetho 'racism' kwaye njalo ukwaphulwa komthetho amalungelo oluntu, ngexesha ngexesha elinye kwaba inyathelo lesi-ukuqinisekisa ukuba nje ubumi kwi-ehlobo lunye tribal societies. A kwalomgaqo-siseko ingxaki apha kukuba yi-cela 'amalungelo oluntu' undermining i-amaqela rhoqo i kakhulu qho ngonyaka we-society yokuba kunokwenzeka ukuba ukuzalwa kwaye okanye neplanethi abahlala kuyo. 'Umntu unelungelo' njalo uba a stamp ukuba zingasetyenziswa - kwaye isetyenziselwa - ukubiza ngokwayo ilungelo kakhulu subversive isenzo okanye imposiso yorhwebo lwangaphakathi phezu society kwezabo lifestyles. La maqela defy ezentlalo-ntle isivumelwano nje Rousseau kuchaziwe kulo. Zasekuhlaleni amalungelo ingaba okunxulumene ihændehavelsen lobumi. Abemi ngaphandle ubumi kanjalo uya kuba limited borggerrettigheder kwaye imisebenzi. Njengoko jikelele umthetho, ilungelo lokuvota, ukuma njengoko umgqatswa, ngamalungu amaqela ezopolitiko kunye military, nto leyo agciniwe kuba abemi kunye lobumi. Phantsi kweemeko ezithile, immigrants kusenokuba awarded lobumi. Yona icinga, njengokuba umthetho, enaphatha ukuba uhlale ka-ethile ixesha kweli lizwe, kwaye enaphatha isicelo salo, enaphatha beståelsen a borgerskabsprøve, apho iqinisekisa ukuba umfaki-sicelo kusenokuba kulindeleke ukuba abe loyal entsha homeland. Nangona kunjalo, kukho amazwe apho akunakwenzeka kuba immigrant ukufumana ubumi phantsi na iimeko. Kanjalo unako umtshato kuba qho ngonyaka kuba ukwabiwa ubumi, ukuba ulingane sele sele lobumi.
